Hôgen

An Atlas of Japanese Dialects

Tuesday
Nov222011

Shuddup!

  Last week, when a girl in my class said “Sahshii!” another girl in the class made a quizzical look and said, “What on earth does that mean?” With half of the class coming from outside Fukuoka Prefecture, this sort of thing often happens: one of the girls will speak in the dialect she has grown up only to be greeted with either blank stares or derisive laughter.

   “Sahshii!” means urusai (煩い, 五月蝿い, literally “May flies”), which is standard Japanese for “noisy”, “troublesome”, or “persistent”. Another common word is yakamashii (喧しい) can also mean “noisy”, as well as “up in arms” and “raising a clamor” or “strict” and “finicky, picky”. Lucky for my students I am neither urusai or yakamashii. I wish I could say the same about them.

   A note about the following: while some prefectures may use the same word the way they say it will vary greatly due to the altered intonation. I’ll try to add some accents later if time allows.

 

  Hokkaidô

1. Hokkaidô

   やがましい!

   Yagamashii!

 

  Tôhoku

2. Aomori

   さしね!

   Sashine!

3. Iwate

   やがまし!

   Yagamashi!

4. Miyage

   すんずねぇ!

   Sunzuneh!

5. Akita

   やがまし!

   Yagamashi!

6. Yamagata

   うるせえ!

   Uruseh!

7. Fukushima

   うっしゃし!

   Usshashi!

 

  Kantô

8. Ibaraki

   うっせえ!

   Usseh!

9. Tochigi

   うるせー!

   Uruseeh!

10. Gunma

   うるせー!

   Uruseeh!

11. Saitama

   うるせー!

   Uruseeh!

12. Chiba

   うるせ!

   Uruseh!

13. Tôkyô

   うるさい!

   Urusai!

14. Kanagawa

   そーぞーしー!

   Sôzôshî!

 

  Chûbu

15. Niigata

   うるせぁー!

   Uruseah!

16. Toyama

   やかましー!

   Yakamasii!

17. Ishikawa

   やかましー!

   Yakamashii!

18. Fukui

   やかましー!

   Yakamashii!

19. Yamanashi

   やたかしー!

   Yatakashii!

20. Nagano

   うるせー!

   Uruseeh!

21. Gifu

   やかましー!

   Yakamashii!

22. Shizuoka

   うるせー!

   Uruseeh!

23. Aichi

   やかましー!

   Yakamashii!

 

  Kansai

24. Mie

   やかましー!

   Yakamashii!

25. Shiga

   うるさい!

   Urusai!

26. Kyôto

   うるさい!

   Urusai!

27. Ôsaka

   じゃかましー!

   Jakamashii!

28. Hyôgo

   やかましー!

   Yakamashii!

29. Nara

   やかましー!

   Yakamashii!

30. Wakayama

   うるさい!

   Urusai!

 

   Chûgoku

31. Tottori

   やかましー!

   Yakamashii!

32. Shimane

   やかまし!

   Yakamashi!

33. Okayama

   やかましー!

   Yakamashii!

34. Hiroshima

   うるさい!

   Urusai!

35. Yamaguchi

   しろしー!

   Shiroshii!

 

   Shikoku

36. Tokushima

   やかましー!

   Yakamashii!

37. Kagawa

   やかまし!

   Yakamashi!

38. Ehime

   やかましー!

   Yakamashii!

39. Kôchi

   うるさい!

   Urusai!

 

   Kyûshû

40. Fukuoka

   しぇからしか!

   Shekarashika!

  しゃーしー!

   Shahshii!

   しからしい!

   Shikarashii!

   しゃーしいちゃ! (筑豊)

   Shahshiicha! (in the Chikuhô region)

41. Saga

   しぇからしか!

   Shekarashika!

   やぐらしい!

Yagurashii!

42. Nagasaki

   せからしか!

   Sekarashika!

   やぐらしか!

   Yagurashika!

   やかまっさよ!  (五島)

   Yakamassayo!  (Gotô Islands)

43. Kumamoto

   せからしか!

   Sekarashika!

44. Ôita

   せせかましー!

   Sesekamashii!

   うるせーっちゃ!

   Uruseehcha!

45. Miyazaki

   せからしい!

   Sekarashii!

   せわし!

   Sewashi!

46. Kagoshima

   やぞろし!

   Yazoroshi!

   やぜろしい!

   Yazeroshii!

 

  Okinawa

47. Okinawa

   かしまさん!

   Kashimasan!

Saturday
Oct222011

Do not enter!

  いっちぇ〜ならん!

      Iche~naran!

          Do not enter!

Tuesday
Oct112011

Uchina-Guchi

   During my most recent trip to Okinawa, I was at long last able to clear up a number of things regarding the local dialect that had been confusing me for quite a while.

   I listen to a lot of music from Okinawa and have even written about the song Chinsagu nu Hana in previous posting. The song is sung in a dialect known as Uchinâ Yamato-guchi, the Japanese language as it is spoken in Okinawa with the local accent and words and phrases from both the Ryûkyû language and to some degree American English. The word Uchinâ, by the way, is how “Okinawa” is pronounced by Okinawans (O→U  kichi  nana  waa) and one of the first things I was happy to finally clarify. Ask your typical Japanese what Uchinâ means and they’ll either say they’ve never heard of it or venture a guess that it means “us”, “our” or “my”, as in the standard Japanese phrase uchi no (うちの). 

   The Ryûkyû language, on the other hand, belongs to a subgroup of languages called the Japonic languages. It can be broken down further into six major dialects, which are generally unintelligible to each other. The following, nicked from Wikipedia, shows how to say “Thank you” and “Welcome” in each of these languages:

Language

Thank you

Welcome

Standard Japanese

Arigatō

Yōkoso

Amami

Arigatesama ryoota

Imoorii

Kunigami

Mihediro

Ugamiyabura

Okinawan/Uchinâ-guchi

Nifeedeebiru

Mensooree

Miyako

Tandigaatandi

Nmyaachi

Yaeyama

Miifaiyuu

Ooritoori

Yonaguni

Fugarasa

Wari 

 

   Most of these languages are on the verge of extinction thanks to the same sort of misguided integration policies used in France (Occitan, Breten) and Britain (Welsh), which suppressed their use. Only the Okinawan language (Uchinâ-guchi) which is spoken in the southern part of the Okinawan mainland and was the official language of the Ryūkyū Kingdom since the reign of King Shō Shin (1477–1526) still counts a sizeable number of people (0.9 million) among its speakers.

   The following list of Okinawan proverbs were found here. As you can see there is very little, if any, similarity with standard Japanese.

 

Ataishi turu atairu. - We get along well with those we can get along with well.

Achinee ya tankaa mankaa. - Business is a two-way street.

Aramun jooguu ya duu ganjuu. - One who eats plain food is healthy.

Ichariba choodee. - Once we meet and talk, we are brothers and sisters.

Uya yushi kwa yushi. - Parents and children teach one another.

Kaagee kaa ru ya ru. - Beauty is skin deep.

Kamuru ussaa mii nayun. - The more you eat, the more you gain.

Kuu sa kana sa. - Small things are lovable.

Kuchi ganga naa ya yakutatan. - A smooth talker is a good-for-nothing person.

Kutubaa. Jin chikee. - Spend words as efficiently as money.

Kutuba noo ushikumaran. - A word can't be recalled once spoken.

Shikinoo chui shiihii shiru kurasuru. - Let's live helping each other in this world.

Shinjichi nu ada nayumi. - Kindness will never be wasted in any way.

Jin too waraaran kwa tu ru waraariiru. - We can laugh happily with our children, but not with money.

Chu uyamee ru duu uyamee. - If you respect others, they will respect you.

Choo kukuru ru dee ichi. - The heart is the most essential human quality.

Tusui ya tatashina mun. Warabee shikashina mun. - The old should be treated with due respect. Children should be treated with gentleness.

Tusui ya takara. - The old people are treasures to us.

Miitundaa duu tichi. - Man and wife are one flesh.

Nuchi nu sadamee wakaran. - Only God knows one's term of life.

Machushi garu ufu iyoo tuyuru. - One who waits patiently will catch a big fish.

Miinai chichi nai. - We learn by watching and listening.

Mii ya tin niru aru. - Our fates are as registered by heaven.

Munoo yuu iyuru mun. - Speak well of others.

Yaasa ru maasaru. - Food is delicious when one is hungry.

Duu nu duu ya duu shiru shiyuru. - You know your body best.

Choo kani ru deeichi. - Common sense is essential.

Yii kutoo isugi. - Do good things quickly.

Chira kaagi yaka chimu gukuru. - Kind hearts are better than fair faces.

Yuu ya shititin mii ya shitinna. - Even if you hide yourself from the world, don't lose sight of your real nature.

Nmarijima nu kutuba wasshii nee kuni n wasshiin. - Forgetting your native tongue means forgetting your native country.

Ashibi nu chura saa ninju nu sunawai. - The more the merrier.

Acha nu neen chi ami. - Tomorrow is a new day.

Yikiga nu kutubaa shuumun gaai. - A man's word is his honor.

Mookiraa kwee michi shiri. - Once you have made a fortune, know how to spend it.

 

 

 

Tuesday
Aug162011

What's up?

  One of the first things I ask students at the beginning of a semester is where they are from. If they hail from a prefecture outside of Fukuoka, and particularly from one outside of the Kyûshû region, I then ask them to say something in their local dialect. Japanese can be frustratingly shy at times and unwilling to stand out so it often takes some pleading on my knees to get the kids to speak up.

   Coaching them helps. I’ll say, “In Fukuoka when someone asks, ‘What are you doing?’ they often say, ‘Nan sh’yotto?’ or ‘Namba shiyottoka?’” Having lived in Fukuoka for nearly two decades, the Hakata dialect (Hakata ben) is almost second nature to me and hearing me speak it allows the students to laugh, to let their hair down a bit and volunteer a phrase or two of their own dialect.

   “What are you doing?” is one of those very basic, daily, and utterly necessary phrases. It still amazes me how much variation in it can be found throughout Japan.

  Tôhoku

6. Yamagata

   なにしった?

   Nani Shitta?

 

  Kantô

10. Gunma

   何やってるん?

   Nani yatterun?

11. Saitama

   なにしてんのー? Or, なん(い)してん?

   Nani shiten noh?  Or, Nan(i) shiten?

 

  Chûbu

15. Niigata

   何してらん?

   Nan shiteran?

16. Toyama

   なんしとんが?  Or, 何しとんがけ?

   Nan shitonga?  Or, Nan shiton gake?

17. Ishikawa

   なんしとるん?  Or, なにしとるがん?

   Nan Shitorun?  Or, Nani shitoru gan?

   なんしとん?

   Nan shiton?

18. Fukui

   なにしてんにゃー Or, なにやってんのー?

   Nani shiten nya?  Or, Nani Yatten noh?

20. Nagano

   何してるだあ~?

   Nani shiteru dah?

21. Gifu

   なにしとるの? Or, なにしとんの?

   Nani Shitoru no? Or, Nani shiton no?

22. Shizuoka

   何してんの?  Or, 何しちょん?

   Nani shiten no?  Or, Nani shichon?

23. Aichi

   なにしとんの?  Or, 何やっとんの?

   Nani shiton no? Or, Nani yatton no?

 

  Kansai

24. Mie

   何しーよん?

   Nani shi-yon?

26. Kyôto

   何してんの? Or, 何してるん?

   Nani shiten no? Or, Nani shiterun?

   何しとんねん?

   Nani shiton nen?

27. Ôsaka

   何してるん? Or, 何してん?

   Nani shiterun?  Or, Nani shiten?

   なんしよん  Or, なにしよん

   Nan shiyon? Or, Nani shiyon?

28. Hyôgo

   In Kôbe, 何しとぉ~?

   Nani shitoh?

   なにしとん? Or, 何しよんねん?

   Nani shiton?  Or, Nan shiyon nen?

 

  Chûgoku

31. Tottori

   何しとるだ~? Or, なんしょ-るぅ?

   Nan shitoru dah?  Or, Nan shyohruu?

32. Shimane

   何しちょ―?  Or, 何しよん?

   Nani shichoh? Or, Nani shiyon?

33. Okayama

   なにしとん?  Or, なんしょん?

   Nan shiton?  Or, Nan shon?

34. Hiroshima

   なんしよん? Or, なにしとん?

   Nan shiyon? Or, Nani shiton?

   なにしとるん? Or, 何しちょるん?

   Nani shitorun? Or, Nani shichorun?

35. Yamaguchi

   何しとるん?  Or, 何しとん?

   Nan shitorun? Or, Nan shiton?

 

   Shikoku

36. Tokushima

   Awa-ben, なんしょん?

   Nan shon?

37. Kagawa

   なんにしよんの?

   Nani Shiyon no?

   なんしょん?

   Nan Shon?

   なにしてるん?

   Nani Shiterun?

38. Ehime

   なんしとん?  Or, なんしよん?

   Nan shiton?  Or, Nan shiyon?

39. Kôchi

   何しゆうが?   Or, 何やりゆうが?

   Nani shiyuu ga? Or, Nani yariyuu ga?

 

  Kyûshû

40. Fukuoka

   なんしよ-と~??  Or, なんしよん?

   Nan Shiyoh toh?  Or, Nan shiyon?

   なんばしよっと?  Or, なんしよるー?

   Nanba shiyotto? Or, Nan shiyoruu?

   なんばしとっと? Or, なんばしとると?

   Nanba shitoto? Or, Nanba shitoruto?

41. Saga

   なんしよると-? Or, なんしよーと?

   Nan shiyorutoh? Or, Nan shiyoh to?

42. Nagasaki

   なんしよっと?  Or, なんしよっとー?

   Nan shiyotto?  Or, Nan shiyottoh?

   なんばしよっと?

   Nanba shiyotto?

43. Kumamoto

   なんばしよっとー?

   Namba shiyottoh?

44. Ôita

   何しよんの?

   Nani Shiyon no?

45. Miyazaki

   何しちょっと?

   Nan shichotto?

46. Kagoshima

 

  Okinawa

47. Okinawa

   ぬーやってるばア?  Or, ヌーソーガー?

   Nuu yatteru bah?  Or, Nuu sohgah?

Sunday
Jul102011

Nan Shon?

   And just as I’m saying this, who other than Urara should come through the front door? She's wearing a simple beige suit with a white blouse. Her long hair falls in soft curls on her shoulders. She looks absolutely gorgeous.

   Walking directly towards me, Urara places her hand on my back and, much to my surprise and delight, kisses me on the cheek.

   Jesus, when was the last time a woman did that to me?

    She turns to the man next to me and asks if he would move over a bit. Naturally, he obliges. I am genuinely flattered. So much attention and kindness from someone as lovely as Urara; I don't feel worthy.

   "I thought about calling you today," I say.

   It’s the God's truth. Every time I looked at the phone, my heart filled with a gnawing pain. In another lifetime, I wouldn't have wasted a second worrying. I would have picked up the receiver and, assuring myself I'd had nothing to lose, dialed Urara's number and asked her out.

   "Why didn't you?"

   Yeah, good question: why didn't I? Well, for starters, after almost a-year-and-a-half-long run of disappointments, I am so decorticated of self-confidence that it is becoming difficult to conceal the stark naked weakness of my character. Had I called Urara only to be let down, I might very well have thrown in the towel, retiring from the maddening sport altogether.

   "I, uh . . . Well, . . . What with Bon starting tomorrow and all, it just seemed better to wait . . . "

   "That's very thoughtful of you, Peador, but, really, you needn't be so careful with me."

   Earlier when I was chatting with Shô, it occurred to me that the reason my Japanese seems to have improved, allowing me to finally maintain conversations beyond all the insipid self-introduction I have been chagrined to give, is that I have finally broken through the dialect barrier. In the first several months since moving to Fukuoka, the local dialect had been keeping me shut out, peering in and wondering what the devil everyone was talking about.

   I doubt most Anglophones appreciate how dramatically regional dialects can vary. Mind you, it's not just a matter of accents, which betray a speaker's origin like "shibboleth" did in Biblical times, marking my Dad as having hailed from Dublin, my mother from Cork. No, I'm talking about huge variations from region to region in grammar, phrasing, and vocabulary that make the sundry dialects sound as if they are distinct languages in their own right.

   It was frustrating enough when I first began studying Japanese to discover that the phrases in my textbook that I had gone to the trouble of memorizing were seldom used in situ

   Listen: A simple question like "What are you doing?" ought to be straight- forward, right? Well, my good-for-nothing textbook taught me to utter the following mouthful: "Anata wa nani o shite imasuka?" Had I ever managed to get that doosie to roll properly off my tongue, my curiosity might have been duly answered. The trouble is, it'd be as natural as jogging on the beach in clunky ski boots. Your average Tarô, after all, usually rattles off a curt "Nani shiteru no?" or something close to it.

   When I figured this out, I wasted little time taking my Sensei aside and telling her to please, please, please throw politeness out the window and start teaching me real, living, breathing Nihongo rather than the embalmed and entombed Japanese she had been inflicting on me. I don't care what the old Japan hands say; a little confrontation can go a long way.

   With time and encouragement, my very square Sensei mended her stubbornly proper ways, but, even then, she took great pains to warn against using casual Japanese too lightly. You must never cause offence by saying something inappropriate, she'd instruct sternly as if her very reputation were at stake. I'd remind Sensei to let her hair down because this wasn't the Edo Period anymore. A samurai wasn't going to lop off my head because I'd showed him because I'd dis'd him.

   No sooner had I got phrases like "Nani shiteru no?" under my belt than I moved to neighboring Fukuoka and slammed up against an unexpected brick wall: the local dialect known as Hakata-ben. Suddenly, it was as if everyone around me were speaking in tongues. If a Fukuokan wanted to know what I was doing, he didn't ask, "Nani shiteru no?" He said, "Nan shiyoh to?" or “Nanba shiyotto?” or even "Nan shon?"

   In a matter of six months, I'd gone from "Anata wa nani o shite imasuka?" to "Nan shiyoh to?" Italian and Portuguese couldn't be more different from each other.

   Something clicked sometime during the past few months when I wasn't paying attention, and the next thing I knew, I'd got one leg over the wall and was shimmying the other one up. The idle banter between Yumi and Reina, among my students, between bartenders like Shô and the customers started to make sense.

   So, when Urara places her hand on my arm and says, "Suki yaken, sonna ki tsukawan dotte." I didn't have to translate it inside my head from Hakata-ben into the standard Japanese, which would have sounded like, "Suki dakara, sonna ki o tsukawa nai de," I just took it now as having meant that this Urara likes me so I ought to stop tip-toeing so carefully around her.

   "Are you here alone tonight?" I ask.

   "No, Hiromi-chan will be here soon. And, what about you, Peador?" 

   There are times the right words just flow from my mouth making me feel as if I had French-kissed the Blarney Stone, and then there are those that make me feel as though it had been dropped on my head. Today I am in that blessed rock's good graces; I tell Urara I was waiting for someone special to show up.

   "Oh? And who might that be?"

   "You."

 

   -- excerpt from A Woman's Nails by Aonghas Crowe